An Analysis Of PoBoy Blues By Langston Hughes - 768 Words

The poem â€Å"Po’ Boy Blues† was composed by Langston Hughes during 1926, his early writing era. His poetry was inspired by his family’s history, a history full of abandonment, betrayal, and violence. His father abandoned him seeking to find a life less confrontational to a black man, leaving Langston Hughes to face being raised by his grandmother in the very same hostile environment his father sought to escape. His mother betrayed him as she never embraced him with a mother’s love not only once leaving him as a young child, but twice when he came to live with her after his grandmother died. His grandmother immersed Langston in his family’s dark history, sometimes laying the â€Å"bullet ridden shawl† on him from where his grandfather died†¦show more content†¦Just repeating these words causes the reader to feel the â€Å"weariness† and heavy burden pressing upon the speaker. Often when the lines are repeated the image is cem ented in the readers’ mind as words like â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold† (line 2) are identifiable to everyone as a picture of happiness. Symbolism can be found in the lines â€Å"Since I come up North de / Whole damn world’s turned cold† (5-6), referring to his expectations of success not coming true. Inferring the North was a wonderful place to live until he arrived. (frag..must fix) The poem, â€Å"Po’ Boy Blues† uses rhyme in the fourth and sixth lines of each stanza. In the first stanza(,) rhyme is used to point out the emotional state of the speakers outlook, â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold,† (line 4) and â€Å"Whole damn world’s turned cold,† (line 5). The poet used this method again in stanza 3 to compare his experience in love; â€Å"A gal I thought was kind,† (line 16) and â€Å"An’ almost lose ma mind.† (line 17). Finally he shows us his complete despair in stanza 4; â€Å"Early, early in de morn† (line 22) and â€Å"I wish I’d never been born† (line 24). This rhyme helps to flow the emotion from the speaker to the reader. The reader senses the speaker’s complete lack of hope(,) he has given up on life. Hughes’s use of alliteration throughout his poem, â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold. / Since I come up North de /

Social Anxiety Disorder Social Phobia Disorder - 1654 Words

Social anxiety is â€Å"a fear of humiliation or of being judged by others, and an avoidance of social situations where attention centers on the individual† (Martis). According to the Social Anxiety Institute, social anxiety has become the third largest psychological disorder, following depression and alcoholism (Richards). Commonly, victims of this social phobia have problems pursuing social environments, interactions, and relationships (â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder†). The failure to fulfill daily requirements in jobs, social settings, and relationships often leaves them feeling â€Å"powerless, alone, or even ashamed† (â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder†). Today in America,â€Å"15 million [people] suffer[from] the disorder† (â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder†). Of the 15 million American adults affected, women and men are equally prone to develop the phobia (â€Å"Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)†). Currently, the prevalence rate for acquiring social anxiety disorder is â€Å"13-14% of all Americans† and continues to rise (Richards). As the number of people affected by social anxiety continues to rise, the understanding of social anxiety’s causes, effects, and treatments is crucial. The study of Social anxiety shows no clear causes for its variety of symptoms, but psychologists have been able to determined triggers and possible factors for its development. As psychologists continue to study social phobia, they have determined many possible causes. Since the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, psychologists haveShow MoreRelatedSocial Phobia Disorder And Social Anxiety Disorder Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesuncomfortable events that include social interaction. Nerves can sometimes trigger anxiety during classroom interactions, job interviews, or other social events. It is almost normal to stand in front of a crowd and feel like you’re being judged constantly and tremble. There is a major difference between nerves and an anxiety disorder. When someone sufferers with social anxiety, they normally avoid situations that allow them to feel judged by others. I believe that social phobia can be resolved in some individualsRead MoreSocial Phobia And Social Anxiety Disorder Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder (SAD), is one of the most common, but misconstrued mental health problems in society. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), over 15 million adults suffer from the disorder. First appearing in the DSM-III as Social Phobia, and later in the DSM-IV as Social Anxiety Disorder, this newly established disorder denotes afflicting stress and anxiety associated with social situations (Zakri 677). According to James W. JeffersonRead MoreSocial Phobia Or Social Anxiety Disorder1003 Words   |  5 PagesSocial phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), and Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) are b oth characterized by having significant interference in social situations. This essay will focus on a cognitive view to explain the similarities and differences between them. Lifetime prevalence of SAD fall between 5%-13% (Furmark, 2002; Grant et al., 2005), and 0.5%-5% for AVPD (Torgersen, Kringlen, Cramer, 2001; and Grant, Stinson, Dawson, Chou, Ruan, 2005) (as cited in Hummelen, Wilberg, PedersonRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder ( Social Phobia )1823 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing shy. If a child is avoiding social interaction or staying in a quiet place to escape embarrassment, they might be experiencing Social Anxiety Disorder. Other symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder are sweating, has a racing heart, has shortness of breath, or being scared of other people that may be thinking about you being nervous then that child might be experiencing Social Anxiety Disorder. Social Anxiety Disorder, also known as Social Phobia, is a disorder that people generally experienceRead MoreSocial anxiety (or social phobia) is a disorder that alienates people and causes them to avoid600 Words   |  3 PagesSocial anxiety (or social phobia) is a disorder that alienate s people and causes them to avoid social situations at all costs. It is described by the National Institute of Mental Health as â€Å"a strong fear of being judged by others and of being embarrassed (NIMH).† This means that people with this disorder have a fear of people’s thoughts and as a result will try to isolate themselves from others. Social anxiety has a very large limit as to the things that can trigger it. It can go from the simplestRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder And Social Phobia1803 Words   |  8 Pages Social anxiety disorder or social phobia, is can be progressively debilitating condition which may affect individuals for the duration of their lives and with low rates of recovery among patients (Chartier, Hazen, Stein, M.B, 1998). Studies have shown that the disorder has an early onset with symptoms manifesting on average at age 16 in most adolescents. Social anxiety disorder features intense feelings of irrational fear of possible embarrassment and sc rutiny of others during social situationsRead MoreEssay on Social Phobia Disorder1149 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Phobia Social phobia is a kind of disorder, which involves fear regarding societal situations and accomplishable destructive criticism. Social phobia is the greatest general psychiatric problem in epidemiological examination, with estimation of life time occurrence in western circle as more as 16%. Common phobia generally come out in adolescence and is associated with deep distress, destruction and comorbid problem. Females in clinical trials are higher possible than males to social anxietyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1262 Words   |  6 Pagessociety anxiety plays a huge role in our daily lives. Imagine being in front of a crowd of people feeling nervous, anxious, and even avoiding eye contact? Many people experience these symptoms of anxiety. There are many different types of anxiety disorders. Catching early signs of complications can lead to better treatment and acknowledgment. Gaining knowledge about anxiety and some of the different types of Anxiety Disorders, l ike Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder can beRead MoreEssay on Anxiety Disorder and the Different Types677 Words   |  3 PagesAnxiety is the most common type of psychiatric diagnosis and brings together several disorders. These disorders cause fear, worry, panic and apprehension. Anxiety is different from fear to the extent that it is a reaction to an anticipated problem and fear is a reaction to a present problem or danger. The fear, worry, panic and apprehension caused by anxiety disorders are out of proportion. People suffering from an anxiety disorder have difficulties coping with certain situations in life; anxietyRead MoreEssay about Anxiety Disorder1082 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Disorder What is Anxiety? As defined by Understanding Psychology by Glencoe, Anxiety is a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to a real or imagined danger. Anxiety affects 19 million Americans annually and anxiety disorder happens to be the most common mental illness in America. There are many different types of anxiety disorder such as: Panic Disorder, Obsessive – Compulsion Disorder, Phobias, and a few more. Although there is no cure for anxiety disorders

Ethical and legal issues of the Internet of Everything Essay Example For Students

Ethical and legal issues of the Internet of Everything Essay Outline1 Contentss2 What is The Internet of Everything?3 What is moralss?4 Internet Ethical motives5 Ethical and Legal Issues with IoE6 Detailed Ethical Issues7 Privacy and Security8 Understand Devicess9 Stay Informed10 Develop a slayer inherent aptitude11 Decision12 The Future of IoE13 Bibliography Contentss What is The Internet of Everything? What is moralss? Internet Ethical motives Ethical and Legal Issues with IoE Detailed Ethical Issues Privacy and Security Understand Devicess Stay Informed Develop a slayer inherent aptitude Decision The Future of IoE Bibliography What is The Internet of Everything? What is The Internet of Everything ( IOE ) ? The IoE is a construct which is based on a connexion between physical devices and the cyberspace. The benefits of such a connexion are convenience and satisfaction to the terminal user. On a lighter note it is bound to do the terminal user more of a couch murphy. In today s technologically goaded universe, there are more things connected to the cyberspace than there are people in the universe. This fact shows that the cyberspace is the hereafter of making concern, acquisition every bit good as being a platform for invention. This is where IoE steps into the image as it is based on the construct of cyberspace connected devices, and with the advancement in footings of engineering of mundane devices and objects, the possibilities are eternal. IoE is get downing to demo glances of its possible to environ us with connectivity that skilfully responds to our demands and wants which is called the Digital Sixth Sense. ( Qualcomm, 2014 ) Cardinal constituents of the IoE theoretical account are the smartphones we have become accustomed to utilizing, cloud calculating which has made distant storage and entree a zephyr, every bit good as radio broadband webs which have been implemented in strategically feasible locations for usage by modern high broadband demanding devices. Radio-frequency designation ( RFID ) engineering plants manus in manus with this system. IoE is expected to be the fastest turning technological system within the following half decennary. Briefly the cyberspace of everything can be described as follows: â€Å"The Internet of Everything is an umbrella term used to depict the following stage in the development of the Internet. While the first stage of the web can be thought of as the semantic web – the Internet of hypertext pages – the following stage is an cyberspace of ‘smart’ objects – or ‘things’ – pass oning with human existences and each other over web connexions: This is the cyberspace of Things.† ( Magazine, 2014 ) What is moralss? Ethical motives can be described as moral rules that govern a individual s behaviour. They affect how people make determinations and lead their lives. Ethical motives can besides be termed as moral doctrine. The term Ethical motives is derived from the Greek word Ethos , which means: usage ; wont ; character or temperament. In simple footings Ethical motives means moral determinations which in consequence entails what is good and what is bad? Our constructs of moralss have been derived from the manner we have been brought up, every bit good as our spiritual beliefs, doctrines and the civilization we are a portion of. If ethical theories are to be utile in pattern, they need to impact the manner human existences behave. However, moralss does supply good tools for believing about moral issues. We see illustration of unethical patterns on the News about every twenty-four hours, with facets such as fraud, corruptness, money-laundering, nepotism and tender-preneuring being the high s pots. Ethical motives does nt ever hold the right reply to moral jobs. As people come to believe of it, there are nt ever individual right replies, but, a set of rules that can be applied to peculiar instances to give those involved a usher to what they should or could make. ( BBC, 2014 ) Ethics non merely focuses on the morality of actions, but besides the character of the single project that peculiar action. Virtue Ethics focuses chiefly on the moral character of persons. ( BBC, 2014 ) Subjectivism:â€Å"teaches us that moral judgements are nil more than statements of a individual s feelings or attitudes, and that ethical statements do non incorporate factual truths about goodness or badness. If a individual says something is good or bad they are stating us about the positive or negative feelings that they have about that something.† ( BBC, 2014 ) Emotivism: â€Å"is the position that moral claims are no more than looks of blessing or disapproval. So when person makes a moral judgement they show their feelings about something. Some theoreticians besides suggest that in showing a experiencing the individual gives an direction to others about how to move towards the topic matter.† ( BBC, 2014 ) Prescriptivists: â€Å"think that ethical statements are instructions or recommendations. There is about ever a normative component in any real-world ethical statement: any ethical statement can be reworked ( with a spot of attempt ) into a statement with an ought in it.† ( BBC, 2014 ) Internet Ethical motives Internet moralss are the rules which should be adhered to by users of the World Wide Web. A few Internet moralss subjects are listed and explained below: Credence:An person has to admit that the Internet is non a topographic point where values are forgotten. That means that the World Wide Web is a topographic point where values are considered in the broadest sense so we must take attention in footings of our actions and we should acknowledge that the web is non isolated from the ordinary universe but it is instead a primary constituent of it. ( infosecawareness, 2014 ) Had more sense. Whether his neighbors were cool or EssayUnderstand Devicess Unfortunately, systems that have calculating embedded into the device can be vulnerable. This could run from out-of-date open-source codification to processor back doors that can easy be exploited. Merchandises could besides be made up of specialised OEM constituents where piecing is non top-of-mind for the maker particularly those runing on razor thin borders. As such, OEM security defects can be every bit basic as hardcoding watchwords into constituents that find their manner into many merchandises. An illustration: Last twelvemonth, the FDA and Department of Homeland Security were forced to publish an watchful urging medical device industries to upgrade security protections to protect against possible cyber menaces. It’s of import therefore that security pros go much more familiar with embedded systems and equipment beyond Personal computers, waiters, and webs. This should nt be restricted to the engineering itself, but besides to understanding conformity and legal issues when hardware and package are provided by other makers. ( Waterhouse, 2014 ) Stay Informed Any IT pro worth his salt invariably surveys the security landscape for hazards and exposures. But IoT exposures have been mostly rare and concealed. When they have surfaced, sellers have been slow to unwrap and repair them perchance because they re non yet motivated to make so or miss IT expertness. It would be advantageous to go more familiar with security issues openly discussed via new channels. ( Waterhouse, 2014 ) Develop a slayer inherent aptitude Security experts have been trained to support and protect applications and information. Now there s a twist any theoretical accounts and procedures must be extended to see the existent safety of people. So, while it s still of import to understand how a system can be attacked and information compromised from a privateness position, it s now important to widen that analysis to Internet of Things safety-related scenarios. This was illustrated merely last twelvemonth when a popular trade name of smart LED lighting system was vulnerable due to authentication issues, which if compromised, could do place blackouts. Possibly that s non peculiarly unsafe, but what if a botnet controlled malware onslaught infiltrated insecure illuming systems on a mass graduated table at featuring locales or in infirmaries? Decision In decision, the IoE will evidently enable the creative activity and sharing of monolithic new reservoirs of informations about persons wonts, behaviour and personal penchants. This means that informations about persons is easy available. Therefore a support of planetary society s trust on informations makes the Torahs and ordinances that protect informations privateness and bound informations use even more basically of import. ( Maughan, 2014 ) Regulative organic structures, including the US Federal Trade Commission and the European Commission, are already turning their attending to the possible privateness and security issues that the IoE undoubtedly nowadayss. In the chief, these issues relate to guaranting that the rules of privateness and information protection, such as informed consent and informations minimisation, are adhered to in the epoch of mass communicating. ( Maughan, 2014 ) One of the most important hazard countries stems from the fact that devices are able, and intended, to pass on with each other and reassign informations autonomously. With applications runing in the background, persons may non be cognizant of any processing taking topographic point, and the ability for informations topics to exert their informations protection rights may hence be well impaired. The hazard that informations may be used for intents in add-on to or other than those originally contemplated and specified by the informations topic becomes even greater in the IoE. ( Maughan, 2014 ) The IoE besides provides hackers with more exposures to work and creates important security hazards. Such hazards could take a assortment of signifiers, depending on the nature of the informations and device in inquiry. In the context of e-health, the aggregation and rapid exchange of sensitive personal information in an interrelated and unfastened environment non merely increases hazards in regard of patient confidentiality, but besides has the far more alarming potency to jeopardize life if one takes the illustration of deep-rooted medical devices administrating drugs on the footing of independent informations inputs. ( Maughan, 2014 ) The Future of IoE Looking in front, lawgivers and criterions organic structures need to find what attack to take in turn toing these issues. And companies conveying IoE-enabled channels to market demand to expect the issues every bit good as get the better ofing the proficient issues of integrating and interconnection. The possible menaces to security and privateness vary well and the comprehensiveness of challenges presented means that a one-size-fits-all attack to policy and ordinance on the one manus – and commercial development on the other manus – is improbable to work. ( Maughan, 2014 ) Bibliography Armstrong, J. ( 2014, March 13 ) .Global News. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //globalnews.ca/news/1187124/internet-of-things-has-potential-but-raises-security-privacy-issues/ BBC. ( 2014, March 8 ) .BBC Information. Retrieved March 8, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml Cortland. ( 2014, March 13 ) .Cortland. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //sites.google.com/a/cortland.edu/the-internet-of-things/ethics infosecawareness. ( 2014, March 8 ) .infosecawareness. Retrieved March 8, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //infosecawareness.in/students/internet-ethics Magazine, N. ( 2014, March 13 ) .Neutral Magazine. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //neutralmagazine.com/article/on-human-beings-and-being-human-ethics-and-the-internet-of-things/ Maughan, A. ( 2014, March 13 ) .Congress of industrial organizations. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cio.co.uk/blogs/legal-briefing/legal-implications-of-internet-of-things/ Qualcomm. ( 2014, Febraury 10 ) .Qualcomm. Retrieved Febraury 10, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.qualcomm.com/solutions/ioe Waterhouse, P. ( 2014, March 13 ) .Information Week. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informationweek.com/infrastructure/networking/beware-of-the-internet-of-things-despicable-side/d/d-id/1113533 1 | Page

Why IQ Tests Do Not Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics

Why IQ tests do not test intelligence The task of trying to quantify a persons intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a persons intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the persons IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a groups intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a persons environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a persons mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyones body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a persons intelligence. It is obvious that a persons intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence, social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others that go into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured into intelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly get predictable results where academics are concerned, but they should not be considered good indicators of general intelligence because of the glaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge a persons intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through a rigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremely limited quality of a persons character that can hardly be referred to as intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other common criticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate for cultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. Peoples reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way to tackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed on vocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and for more information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (Penguin Books, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at their task into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assume too much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is always good, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that different test taking environments wont affect the outcome. The second grouping comes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this are different culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyone else, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence (like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where the major failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools for judging others. IQ tests are not good indicators for a persons overall intelligence, but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in making predictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it is obvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitely has its applications

Hodges and Tizard Essay Example

Hodges and Tizard Essay Failure to make any form of attachment If child is in institutional care, isolation, parent working.  Rutter-  Compared UK and Romanian children adopted both before and after 6 months old. Found that the Romanian children adopted before 6 months did as well socially and emotionally and the UK control group whereas the Romanian children adopted after 6 months old had problems developing attachments and displayed disinhibited attachments and had poor peer relations. Hodges and Tizard  Studied the long term effects of privation using 65 children who were brought up in a childrens home until the age of 4. During this time the children were unable to form any attachments with their caregivers as staff were discouraged from forming attachments in order to reduce upset. After four years old 25 children were restored into their original homes, 33 were adopted and 7 remained in care. The children were followed up at the age of 8 and 16. The researchers found that 20/21 of the adopted children and 6/13 of the restored children had close attachments with their parents. However, the restored children were more likely to be rejecting/ hostile at both 8 and 16. All three groups had problems forming peer relationships and were rated by teachers as being more likely to seek attention. Curtis  Studied Genie who had suffered from privation for the first 13 years of her life. Privation caused numerous bad effects including poor physical development (rickets in her legs), lack of speech, emotional tantrums etc. Some progress was made with making attachments but Genie suffered further bad care in foster homes and regressed dramatically.  Day care  Is a form of care for infants and children offered by someone other than close family, taking place outside the home, children spend all, or part of the day in care but return home at night, Includes nurseries, child-minding. We will write a custom essay sample on Hodges and Tizard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hodges and Tizard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hodges and Tizard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Positive effects of day care  Clarke-Stewart et al  Found that children in group based day care wee more sociable and better able to negotiate with peers than children cared for at home or by child-minders. EPPE project  Indicated positive effects of day care on social development including peer relations. Different forms of day care had an impact forms with education and care combined = a more positive effect on social development. 3000 UK children aged 3-4, Cognitive development for all children in pre-school was improved in comparison to those who were home schooled.  Children are more likely to have adverse social profiles this increased the risk of anti-social behaviour and could be reduced by high quality pre-school when aged 3-4.  Negative effects of day care  NICHD  Social competence and problem behaviours including being aggressive, but also challenging behaviour attention seeking.  Day care made children more aggressive and disobedient.

Industrial Engineer essays

Industrial Engineer essays There are many categories that the career of an industrial engineer can break down in to. Of these are quality-control, time-study, process, plane design or factory layout, production, and documentation engineers. There are also configuration management analyst, tool planner, and vendor equally supervisors. Not all industrial engineers are educated in all these areas specifically, some only specify in one or two areas. They may have the title of operations, systems, or management engineers. Over all, the ordinary industrial engineer works with people, organizations, and businesses. This is what sets them apart from other engineers. They design, improve, and install systems. These systems can be/are systematic, materials, information, and people that supply products or services. Things that they design are/can-be facilities and operation procedures, simplifying workflow but increasing out-put, improving layout of equipment, office systems and other units. They develop and oversee quality control, cost control, inventory control, procurement and distribution programs, work standards, performance measures, and improvement of the work environment. Industrial engineers research products and product applications. They conduct long-range org organization studies, plant location, and system effectiveness studies. They study potential markets, sources of raw materials, labor supply, energy resources, and financing of operations. To get all the many tasks they do done, they use certain types of equipment. These are calculators, measuring devices and stopwatches, and specifications and handbooks. With uses of new technology, they use prints, computer (with access to the World Wide Web), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems, computer-aided design (CAD) systems, and electronic/air gaging test equipment. To have a career as an industrial engineer there needs to be and interest in technical work, ability to pl ...

An report for the subject Contemporary Developments in Business and Essay

An report for the subject Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Essay Example The problem does not finish here. In fact, it emanates from here. There is an array of internal and external influences cast upon any contemporary business organization. Economic conditions fluctuate, systems and processes undergo changes, competitors launch fresh assaults and shareholders pressurize. But the organization explores specific ways to deal with all these crests and troughs. In fact, organizations develop strategic approaches to adapt and flourish with the constantly changing internal and external environment. There are various external and internal factors that influence the functioning of a business enterprise. Researches and studies have brought forth the following major parameters that affect the business process: These are broad outlines. Different factors interact with one another to give rise to a complicated business management problem. For instance, analysis of contemporary organizational and people management issues in the context of change, innovations and imitations brings forth issues of leadership style, facilitation of creativity and the systemic management of complex change. Similarly, the role of technology has to be analyzed as both a source and enabler of change. All this implies that different factors affect the overall business environment. Therefore, it becomes important to analyze them both from a larger and a specific perspective before adopting a new approach to deal with a situation. The tasks of crafting, implementing and executing company strategies are the heart and soul of a business enterprise. Therefore it is imperative to strategize keeping into consideration the gamut of external and internal factors that affect the business on the whole. Successful companies recognize and respond profitably to all these factors, which actually are a host of unmet needs and trends. These companies realize that the business environment presents a never-ending series of opportunities and threats. Consequently, the

Provision Of Services In The Financial Sector Essay - 7

Provision Of Services In The Financial Sector - Essay Example Most of these adults are located in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The mobile phone device is also changing the provision of services in the financial sector. The cell phones are regarded as cost-effective. The improvement in the technology sector has enabled the use of cell phones in the financial sector. The poor individuals in the society manage a wide range of financial instruments. In most cases, the microfinance sector has several requirements including insurance coverage, loans for emergency needs, pensions and microenterprise loans among others (Dommel 13). The financial sector should address the constrictions entailed in the financial service providers in order to reduce the poverty rates in most regions. This is because most individuals will be supported to invest and also save their money for future use. For instance, the financial service providers should be able to increase access to remittances in the rural areas. They should also consider providing enhancing savings groups and increasing branchless banking.

Did the idea of Manifest Destiny simply mean acquring more terrtory Essay

Did the idea of Manifest Destiny simply mean acquring more terrtory for the United States Why or why not - Essay Example Many Americans began to believe that it was the nation's "Manifest Destiny" to expand westward. Manifest Destiny refers to a concept often used to explain or justify American expansion, especially in the decades preceding the Civil War (1861-65) and again in the late 19th century. While debate over expansion goes back to the beginnings of American expansion in the late 18th century, the phrase "Manifest Destiny" did not come into vogue until the 1840s. In 1845, John O'Sullivan, a democrat leader and editor of the New York newspaper 'The Morning Post, wrote: "Our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty". (O'Sullivan, John L. "Annexation", The United States Democratic Review) To many it seemed inevitable that lands to the west of the Mississippi, once claimed by Mexico, England, and a host of American Indian tribes, should eventually be settled by Americans. John O'Sullivan the editor of the influential 'Democratic Review' and the 'The Morning Post' had coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny" to describe this vision of a United States stretching from Atlantic to Pacific.

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol 1.0 Introduction Combustion reactions are always exothermic, due to the substances (fuels) releasing energy through combustion (temperature increases), which the change in enthalpy () is negative value. All fuels of this experiment are alcohols – ethanol, 1-pentanol and two mixtures of them with different ratios (90%:10% ; 80%:20%), which are the most common organic compounds. Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) (Diagram 1) bonded to an alkyl group’s carbon atom (Chemwiki, 2014). The classification of alcohols depends on the number of carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom that is attached to OH group. Both ethanol and 1-pentanol are primary () alcohols, which only one carbon atom is attached to the carbon atom with the OH group (Chemiwiki, 2014). Secondary () and tertiary () alcohols are when two and three carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom with OH group, but they would not be used in the experiment. In this experiment, 1-pentanol () (Diagram 2) has the longest carbon chain (five carbon atoms) of the fuels, which is expected to produce the highest amount of heat during combustion (), and ethanol () (Diagram 1) has the lowest number of carbon atoms (two carbon atoms), which is believed to release low energy during combustion (). During combustion, the fuel/alcohol reacts with oxygen which produces carbon dioxide and water vapour. It is believed that the greater the change in enthalpy value, the more efficiency of the fuel and more energy will be released. The energy released is calculated through bond energy and measured data, which the heat of combustion of water is divided by the number of moles of the fuel used (). All fuels used in the experiment are hydrocarbon, which is when the carbon atoms joining together form different bonds. There are three main groups of bonding types (Diagram 3): alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Ethanol and 1-pentanol are both alkanes, that they only contain single bonds between carbon atoms; whereas, alkenes and alkynes group contain double and triple bonds between the carbon atoms. The calculated enthalpy change of energy is only an approximation, as the bond energy value for each bond is only an average. In addition, the bond energy value provided for each bond is measured in various states for different situations. This accounts for the difference between the calculated and the actual (Harcourt Education, 2007-2010). 4.0 Discussion 4.1 Analysis By investigating the energy produced during the combustion of different fuels, a linear increasing relationship (Figure 3) was discovered that the longer the carbon chain lengths (larger molar mass) in each fuel molecule, the higher energy released during combustion. Due to two of the fuels being mixtures, the number of carbon was hard to define; hence, the molar mass was used to compare with the average enthalpy. According to Figure 2, the average enthalpy and the fuels’ molar mass had a linear relationship, that the larger molar mass of the fuel, the higher the heat of combustion. Ethanol had the lowest molar mass of 46.069g and 1-pentanol had the highest molar mass of 88.15g (Table 2), hence ethanol had the lowest average heat of combustion (668.6403kJ/mole) whereas 1-pentanol had the highest value (1588.2183kJ/mole) (Table 1). There was a large percentage increase of 137.53% from ethanol to 1-pentanol, which supported the increasing trend and the significant difference in Figure 2. Since a longer carbon chain lengths contain more C-H and C-C bonds (more bond energies) which produce more C=O and O-H bonds ( and ); more bonds would be needed to break and larger level of energy released. Figure 1 clearly illustrated that the secondary and calculated data both supported the increasing trend as the blue and orange bars continued to rise with the increase in molar mass. Thus, 1-pentanol was expected and justified to be the most efficient fuel for this experiment. Mixtures of ethanol and 1-pentanol were used to explore whether ethanol would have a great impact on 1-pentanol and the mixture with ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was expected to be the most efficient fuel in real life context. Through calculations, both mixtures had larger values of heat of combustion than pure ethanol; hence, ethanol had an impact on 1-pentanol as the percentage change of the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol was 22.78% and 20% of 1-pentanol mixture was 39.40% in comparison to pure ethanol. Theoretically, the percentage change of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol should be more efficient than the mixture with 10% 1-pentanol due to it produced more energy, which it did have a higher value of energy (933.9340 kJ/mole) released than the other mixture (820.9308 kJ/mole). However, the Australian Government regulations would have a proportion of 10% ethanol in petrol (Biofuels Association of Australia, 2014), due to most petrol used in gasoline and diesel engines (in Australia) have an expansion ratio of 10:1 for premium fuel or 9:1 for regular fuel, and some other engines have ratios of 12:1 or higher (Wikipedia, 2015). Therefore, although the mixture with 20% 1-pentanol had higher efficiency than mixture with 10% 1-pentanol, the hypothesis was justified that the mixture with a ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was a more efficient fuel for petrol because it had a more most efficient ratio in real life, whereas the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% would be not as effective and may require different design/structure of engine or cause damage to the engine. 4.2 Evaluation The trials of the experiment were completed with consistency, although heat loss occurred, the increasing trend still applied through measured, secondary and calculated data. Moreover, heat loss occurred throughout the whole experiment which justified the consistency, thus the experiment was valid. From Table 3, the average percentage error showed that the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% was the most accurate fuel with lowest percentage error (44.74%) and pure 1-pentanol was the least accurate and had the highest percentage error (50.35%). All percentage errors were mainly caused by heat loss, which was probably due to incomplete combustion occurring during combustion as some black substances were on the bottom of the small cans after burning, which would have reduced the fuel efficiency so more mass of fuel was used. The insufficiency of oxygen caused incomplete combustion to produce carbon monoxide and water vapour, which could be avoided by washing off the char on the can after use each time to ensure the fuel efficiency in the next trial. Fibreglass was used as insulator wrapped around outside the big can, it could be improved by wrapping another layer of cellulose insulator (mainly made of shredded newspaper and mixed with several of chemicals to reduce its flammability) for the next experiment to increase energy efficiency. Fibreglass’ main weakness is that its incapability of blocking air from passing though, whereas cellulose insulator has higher density which would limit the air movement and prevent air-leakage better (Binford C, 2011). The non-consistency of the flame may have reduced the fuel efficiency as well, due to the flame was not stable while burning, but this could be overcome by conducting the experiment with a diminished-scale of compartment and calorimeter (over the top of the flame and cans) to investigate the maximum heat released rate and the combustion efficiency. The precision between all trials of pure ethanol, 1-pentanol and the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol were good as the results of mass used of fuels were consistent. However, there was a big anomaly due to heat loss, occurring in the second trial of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol that the mass of fuel used was 0.65g, which was approximately 9.25% higher than the other two trials. The anomaly may be due to the air-conditioning was just starting which affect the room temperature and the temperature around the flame. This could be improved by completing the experiment at a certain room temperature with no air-conditioning, and it would keep the consistency of surrounding’s temperature. The experiment could be extended by changing the percentage of ethanol (e.g. 10% of ethanol), based upon the Australian Government that most petrol have 10% ethanol because at this ratio ethanol produces the most efficient energy (justified in Analysis). It could be extended by using mixtures rat io of 50%:50% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to explore which fuel would have a greater impact, as well as mixtures with ratios of 10%:90% and 20%:80% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to investigate whether mixture with 10% of ethanol had the most fuel efficiency. Another way to extend this experiment is to use different concentration of fuels used in the original experiment, by adding water or evaporating the fuel (heating – increase the temperature) to decrease the concentration of fuels, then burn the fuels and calculate the mass of fuel used to then find the heat of combustion to investigate whether the trend of increase in carbon chain lengths/molar mass causes increase in the fuel efficiency still holds. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, the experiment was investigating the energy released of ethanol, 1-pentanol and their mixtures with ratios of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol and 80% of ethanol and 20% of 1-pentanol during combustion. Furthermore, the results of all fuels’ energy released were shown to obey the trend of increasing in carbon chain length (molar mass) lead to the increase in energy released, and the mixture with ratio of 90%:10% was discovered to be the most efficient fuel ratio for petrol as the Australian Government uses. Therefore, the hypothesis was justified that pure1-pentanol was the most efficient but when relating to real life circumstances fuel mixtures containing a ratio of 90%:10% were the most efficient for petrol.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of a Binary Tree Versus a Bushier Tree

Homework 3 4. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of a binary tree versus a bushier tree. The structure of binary is simple than a bushier tree. Each parent node only has two child. It save the storage space. Besides, binary tree may deeper than bushier tree. The result record of binary may not very refine. 5. Construct a classification and regression tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Data: NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staff Sales Management Occupation Service Gender Female Male Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male Age 45 25 33 25 35 26 45 40 30 50 25 Salary $48,000 $25,000 $35,000 $45,000 $65,000 $45,000 $70,000 $50,000 $40,000 $40,000 $25,000 Level Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 Candidate Splits for t=Root Node Candidate Split 1 2 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Management, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Management, Staff} 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) Root Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0. 27 0. 73 0. 33 0. 33 0. 33 0. 00 0. 13 0. 25 0. 38 0. 29 0. 25 0. 40 0. 23 0. 36 0. 64 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 00 0. 27 0. 73 0. 67 0. 36 0. 64 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 40 0. 55 0. 45 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 29 0. 25 0. 20 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 0 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 29 0. 38 0. 40 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 14 0. 13 0. 20 0. 29 0. 22 0. 11 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 43 0. 22 0. 22 0. 33 0. 38 0. 43 0. 33 0. 20 0. 25 0. 33 1. 00 0. 00 0. 22 0. 22 0. 00 0. 25 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 25 0. 33 0. 00 0. 46 0. 30 0. 30 0. 50 0. 40 0. 46 0. 93 0. 50 0. 46 0. 40 1. 60 0. 66 0. 26 0. 40 0. 46 0. 53 0. 66 0. 46 0. 46 0. 30 0. 23 0. 26 0. 33 0. 44 0. 33 0. 38 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 10 0. 64 0. 36 0. 29 11 0. 73 0. 27 0. 25 12 0. 91 0. 09 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 6, when occupation=†Management†(Left Branch), occupation=†Service or Sales or Staff†(Right Branch) After the first split, left child has records 4,5,6,7, right child has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11. Now we split the left child which has records 4,5,6,7. Candidate Split 5 6 7 10 Left Child Node, tL Gender = Male Age 35 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node A 5 6 7 0. 50 0. 50 0. 25 0. 75 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 1. 00 1. 00 0. 38 0. 50 0. 38 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 10 0. 75 0. 25 Optimality measure maximized to 1. 00, when Gender=†Male†(Left Branch), Gender=†Female†(Right Branch) After this split, both left branch and right branch terminate to pure leaf node. The left child has records 4. 6 which value=†Level 3†³ and the right child has record 5,7 which value=†Level 4†³. Now we split the right child of root node which has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11.Candidate Split 1 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Staff} 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR ) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node B 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 57 0. 43 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 1. 0 0. 67 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 25 0. 40 0. 50 0. 25 0. 00 0. 49 0. 16 0. 40 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 20 0. 40 0. 00 0. 40 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 41 0. 41 0. 49 0. 41 0. 49 0. 49 0. 41 0. 24 0. 33 0. 33 0. 65 0. 82 0. 65 0. 65 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 71 0. 29 12 0. 86 0. 14 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 2, when Age†25†³(Right Branch) After this split, the left branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 2,11 and value=†Level 1†³. The right branch has records 1,3,8,9,10. Now we split th e right child which has records 1,3,8,9,10. Candidate Split Left Child Node, tL Right Child Node, tR 1 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) ach candidate split, for decision node C 1 3 4 5 8 9 0. 40 0. 60 0. 40 0. 60 0. 20 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 80 0. 40 0. 60 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 0. 67 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 16 0. 16 0. 32 0. 64 0. 32 0. 64 0. 16 0. 32 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 33 1. 00 1. 00 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 60 0. 40 12 0. 0 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 64, when Gender=†Female†(Left Branch), Gender=†Male†(Right Branch) After this split, the right branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 3,9 and the value=†Level 2†³. The left branch has records 1,8,9. Now we split the left child which has records 1,8,10. Candidate Split 1 3 4 11 12 Left Child Node,s tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? s|t) each candidate split, for decision node D 1 3 4 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 89 0. 44 0. 89 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 11 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 12 0. 67 0. 33 0. 00 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 89, when Occupation=†Staff†(Left Branch), Occupation=†Service or Sales†(Right Branch) After this split, both the left and right branch terminate to pure leaf node.The left branch has record 10 which value=†Level 2†³ and the right branch has records 1 and 8 which value=†Level 3†³. In summary, we construct the CART tree below, Root Node (All Records) Occupation management vs. not management Occupation=man agement Occupationmanag ement Decision Node A (Records 4,5,6,7 ) Gender=Female Gender=Male Age25 Level 3 (Records 4,6) Level 4 (Records 5,7) Decision Node C (Records 1,3,8,9,10) Gender=Female Decision Node D (Records 1,8,10) Gender=Male Level 2 (Records 3,9) Occupation=Staff Level 3 Occupation=Service or Sales Level 2 (Record 10) Records 1. 8) 6. Construct a C4. 5 decision tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Below is all candidate split and information gain for root node Candidate Split 1 Child Nodes Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff 2 Gender = Female Gender = Male Age 25 Age 26 Age 30 Age 33 7 Age 35 8 Age 40 9 Age 45 0. 19 0. 12 0. 15 0. 38 Information Gain 0. 78 3 0. 55 4 0. 58 5 0. 38 6 0. 38 Candidate split 1 has highest Information Gain=0. 8 bits and chosen for initial split. And the initial split produces four second level decision node, decision node A,B,C and D. Then do the same process again until all leaf nodes have same target class values. The C4. 5 decision tree is below. Root Node(All Records) Occupation=Service, Management, Sales or Staff Occupation=Staff Occupation=Service Occupation= Management Decision Node A (Records 1,2,3) Decision Node B (Records 4,5,6,7) Occupation= Sales Decision Node C (Records 8,9) Decision Node D (Records 10,1 1) Gender=Female Level 4 (Records 5,7)Gender=Male Level 3 (Records 4,6) Gender=Male Gender=Female Gender=Male Level 2 Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 8) Level 2 (Record 9) (Record 10) Level 1 (Record 11) Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 1) Gender=Male Decision Node E (Records 2,3) Age25 Level 1 (Record 2) Level 2 (Record 3) 7. Compare the two decision trees and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. In this case, CART tree is deeper than C4. 5 tree. CART algorithm says each node(except left node) can only have two child. But C4. 5 algorithm don't have this restriction. Besides, most of leaf nodes of C4. tree have only one record, it may cause overfitting. 8. Generate the full set of decision rules for the CART decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff and Age 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales and Age ; 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, S ales, Staff and Age ; 25 and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 4 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 3 then Level 2 Support 2 2 2 1 2 2 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 9.Generate the full set of decision rules for the C4. 5 decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Service and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service and Gender = Male and Age 25 if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Female if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Male if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Female if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 4 then Level 3 then Level 3 then Level 2 then Level 2 then Level 1 Support 1/11 1/11 1/11 2/11 2/11 /11 1/11 1/11 1/11 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 10. Compare the two sets of decision rules and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. CART only has two branches, support is mor e than C4. 5, that is to say the result is not very refine. It is deeper than other trees most of the time. But it is easy to interpret. C4. 5 can have several branches. Support of C4. 5 is less than CART. The result is more accurate.

Was Robespierre More a Success Than a Failure as a Revolutionary Leader?

Introduction to Robespierre: Robespierre was a French lawyer, politician and one of the most influential figures of the French- Revolution. Influenced by 18th century philosophes such as Rousseau, he was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left-wing bourgeoisie. Successes: Gained support of the majority: He gained the title â€Å"incorruptible†. Particularly interested in the rights of man and revolutionary virtue. Earned his reputation in the Estates General as a defender of the poor. He genuinely believed that the people of France were good and was therefore capable of achieving social and public well being in France.While the Constituent Assembly was preoccupied with drawing up a constitution, Robespierre turned from the assembly of lawyers and wealthy bourgeoisie to the people of France. He was very successful in voicing out his ideas for the Declaration of the Rights of man and constitutional provision. In the Jacobin Club, he found a sympathetic audience among th e intelligent artisans and small shopkeepers who became members of the club. His fanaticism won him supporters; his singularly sweet and sympathetic voice gained him hearers; and his upright life attracted the admiration of all Establishment of the Republic:Robespierre's main ideal was to ensure the virtue and sovereignty of the people. He disapproved of any acts which could be seen as exposing the nation to counter-revolutionaries and traitors, and became increasingly fearful of the defeat of the Revolution. He instigated the Terror and the deaths of his peers as a measure of ensuring a Republic of Virtue Establishment of the National Convention – to sweep away the enemies Supported execution of Louis â€Å"For Louis I have neither hate, not love.I only hate his crimes† Destruction of the Gironidsts – Maxim Isnard, Girondist, spoke about counter-revolution and on 2nd June, a crowed of armed men from the Commune of Paris arrested 32 deputies from the convention Reign of Terror: After Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public safety (a revolutionary tribunal), he earned a dominat position after the fall of the monarchy and declared â€Å"It is time to horrify all the conspirators† The terror acted against real and suspected enemies of the evolution and extended into every corner of France. Victims were mostly the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and members of the clergy but also included members of other classes. In all, perhaps 40,000 people were executed. Leadership of War was decisive: A revolutionary war must be waged to free subjects and slaves from unjust tyranny, not for the traditional reasons of defending dynasties and expanding frontiers.Failures: Short-term rule (1793-1794) Enemies were paralysed briefly: Cecile Renault, woman who tried to murder Robespierre and other politicains who opposed him for being a dictator and associated with Danton’s death â€Å"the blood of Danton chokes him† Socio-religious and economic policies weren’t a success

Consumers Digital Writes essays

Consumers Digital Writes essays Music piracy has caused quite a stir with copyright infringement laws in recent months. A current article I found talks about a recent issue within this topic. The main issue is consumers digital writes. It was published in the San Francisco Chronicle by Benny Evangelista. A group of entrepreneurs have proposed a law to protect consumers and allow them to copy CDs, use a MP3 player, and watch DVD movies on their computer. These three areas are the major pirated areas of digital products. The government is currently trying to crack down on these three areas and make it so it is not possible to do them on any computer. These entrepreneurs feel this is wrong and want to protect the consumers rights. They argue that not all people that own a computer are going to be piraters. They state All consumers are not potential criminals. The entrepreneurs have proposed a Consumer Technology Bill of Rights that says the following things should still be okay for consumer to do : record tv shows to watch later, copy songs from CDs to a portable device, make backup copies of content, and translate content into different formats. The concern that the government has is the rights listed about can be taken advantage of. This article is defiantly coming from one side of the topic. The side it is arguing is the consumer side. This side contains both innocent and guilty parties which includes the people that are taking advantage of digital technology; pirates. The other side is the artists and corporate businesses that want to protect their product. Without this proposal all consumers would be labels as piraters when just a certain percentage actually are. The writer for this article is a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle. His primary role is to inform the public about current issues. He specifically want to write about issues that impact the people of the San Francisco area. ...

Analysis and performance for football Essays

Analysis and performance for football Essays Analysis and performance for football Essay Analysis and performance for football Essay I feel that Fernando Torres is one of the best strikers currently playing, so I have decided to base my analysis of performance on him. One of the reasons why Torres is an extremely strong player is because he has very good agility. He is able to change direction and speed very quickly, enabling him to dodge players and get past them. Weaker players are not able to do this because they don’t have good enough agility. An interval or fartlek training session would be appropriate to help weaker players improve at changing speeds. Torres also is good at all aspects of the game and can show a variety of techniques; for example dribbling, passing, turning with the ball, tackling and shooting. He is at the autonomous stage of learning a skill, therefore performing the skill becomes natural and involves very little thought, unlike the stage intermediates would be at which is associative. Intermediates would need feedback to progress and to get to the autonomous stage, which only the best get to. Torres also shows he has motor skills by moving and controlling muscles effectively in order to sprint and get the ball. This is related to co-ordination – as soon as players with good motor skills see the ball, their body automatically repositions themselves to be in the right place. He shows he has cognitive skills by thinking about where other players are positioned in relation to him and deciding what to do with the ball. It also helps him to use space effectively, by running off the ball to create space and then to move into space later on. Torres has gross motor abilities of speed, stamina and explosive strength. Speed is important so he can beat players to the ball and then keep it. Someone playing in a less advanced team would not have a high enough level of skill to be able to dribble with the ball at speed and keeping it under control. A good practice session for this is to use a rope ladder, and to get the players to step both feet in and out of each section as quickly as possible. His stamina (including muscular and cardiovascular endurance) enables him to keep performing to the highest standard for the full 90 minutes. I think this is a weak aspect of my own game. To improve, I could go for regular long low intensity runs to improve my cardiovascular endurance. Finally, his explosive strength helps him to make sudden sprints for the ball. This also requires good fitness, and intermediate players may not have the required endurance to be able to do this for the full 90 minutes. A good practice to improve explosive strength in football is to use fartlek training, where you do a low intensity jog and then a short sprint continuously. Torres’ recovery time is also very important, as it must be quick so he is able to use his explosive strength to the highest level all the time. Psychomotor abilities are also very important for Torres, especially reaction time (in order to respond quickly to intercept the ball) and aiming (so the player can pass and shoot accurately). A good practice drill to improve reaction time is where two players stand by cones a few metres away from each other. The ball is placed in the middle, and when they hear the whistle they have to run towards the ball and the first person to get to it has to get past the other player. This not only improves reaction time, but also the first touch on the ball and explosive strength. Unlike intermediate players, Torres has the ability to make the skill he is performing more self-paced, which is something I am unable to do. For example, when trying to get past a defender, he can decide when to complete the skill because he has great control over the ball. For learners or intermediates, then the skill will be more externally paced, because they are not completely in control. Football includes lots of open skills. For example, before performing the skill, you have to take into consideration where the other players are positioned, what the surface you’re playing on is like and what is happening at the time, for example, if you’re in the attacking half or the defending half. You constantly need to adapt what you’re doing to suit the changing environment. It is best to learn these skills in a closed environment in order to get the basics right, then move onto an open environment so you can improve and get ready for a game situation. Football also involves interactive skills because you are constantly interacting and having contact with other players, and you need to work as a team in order to win the game.

Being and Nothingness according to Jean-Paul Sartre Essay

Being and Nothingness according to Jean-Paul Sartre - Essay Example Sartre explains that our perception of the external world is absolute and pure. He also suggests that our perception of objects is of finite nature, and our self perceives them with the help of the senses. He is of the idea that what we see in the outside world is what we know and what we get. In his philosophical theory argues that the being – in –itself and being- for- itself are distinct aspects of this real world. Here being – in –itself are the unconscious beings and being- for -itself is the conscious being. As per Jean-Paul Sartre, being –in -itself is stable and isn’t aware of its existence, whereas being – for- itself is aware of its own consciousness. These both beings are distinct from each other and constitute the existence of the universe.Being – in– itself cannot change its form with its own will as it does not have will or consciousness. However being – for – itself has free will, awareness an d chooses to act right or wrong. Anyway, Jean-Paul Sartre sees the being – for –itself as incomplete and indefinite, as it can go to any limit with its dynamic consciousness. This is what makes a man undetermined, indefinable and conscious creature. Since for – itself or a man in other terms is absent of a predetermined essence, it is intimidated or forced to create itself from nothingness or voidness. According to Sartre voidness or nothingness is the very explainable characteristic of a human being.For example, a rock is a rock and can do nothing to change its shape or form. But in case of being – for – itself can change its shape, form and even decide what he wants to do or not do. A man has the power to act in this world, and also can interact with physical objects which are being – in – itself. We can see that a man is not simply being here in this world, but also is actuating himself with the power of consciousness and awareness . A man or a self can create a whole dynamic world of himself by perceiving the objects of the universe. His consciousness is of infinite power and this gives him the ability to perceive being – in – itself in a dynamic way.

How does Social learning theory positively impact the training program Literature review

How does Social learning theory positively impact the training program - Literature review Example In resolving the main research problem, the following objectives will be addressed as a guideline: 1. The definition and distinctiveness of adult learning theory. 2. An assessment of Adult learning processes and systems in educational institutions. 3. An evaluation of organizational learning in relation to adult learning. Definition & Differentiation of Adult Learning â€Å"Adult Learning Theory often known as Andragogy is distinct from teacher-led or content-led systems of traditional learning, which is known as Pedagogy† (Yaafi, 2012 p1). Scholars in most educational fields prefer to examine the concept of adult learning in relation to the traditional method of teaching and learning, which is the classroom type of learning whereby the teacher leads students through a given course. Beich describes some important components of pedagogy or child learning (2011 p26). First of all, the instructor is viewed as an expert. This is because there is often a huge noticeable gap between the experience and skills of the instructor and the students. Secondly, the instructor is responsible for the learning process. In other words, the instructor is in the centre of affairs and s/he takes charge of the activities within the classroom. Thirdly, the learning content is structured. There is a clearly defined goal and a logical sequence. Fourthly, the motivation in a pedagogic learning environment is external. Students sit in class because they have to move on to the next level, pass exams or graduate. Knowles identifies some important components of adult learning that makes such learners distinct (1973). They include: 1. Adults need to know why they should learn before investing time to learn. 2. Adults enter learning situations with self directing motives. The trainers just guide. 3. Adults come into the learning environment with a wealth of experience. 4. Adults have a readiness to learn things that help them to cope with their daily lives. 5. Adults devote more energy to learn things that help them to perform a task or solve problems. 6. Adults are more responsive to internal motivation like self esteem rather than extrinsic motivators like promotion and the like. Beich (2011) goes on to draw a distinction between the two concepts. This is tabulated below: Andragogy Pedagogy Learners are called 'participants' or 'learners' Learners are called 'students' Independent learning style Dependent learning style Objectives are flexible Objectives are predetermined It is assumed that learners are experienced Learners are often inexperienced Active training methods are used Passive training methods are employed Learners influence training pace Trainers control the learning pace Participants' involvement is vital for success Learning is content centred Learning is real-life and problem centred Learning is theoretical In spite of the relativism in the definition of adult learning or andragogy, there are some absolute definitions which seem to provide an ind ependent view of the concept. According to Isenberg, â€Å"... andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn† (2007 p9). This means that it involves the necessary actions and activities that come together to support the upgrade of knowledge amongst adults. This definition has not been without its criticism. Rachal makes a significant analysis of andragogy and identifies its shortfalls. He stated that â€Å"Due to the elasticity of meaning of andragogy and the consequent variability of

Production of tpa using eukaryotic n prokaryotic cells Essay - 1

Production of tpa using eukaryotic n prokaryotic cells - Essay Example course of production, safety precautions have to be strictly adhered to, as the drugs are poisons in nature and could cause severe body harm if misused. A method for producing tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in eukaryotic host cells is disclosed. Enhanced levels of t-PA production are obtained by co-amplification of the t-PA gene through treatment of cultures transformed with mutant or wild type DHFR with methotrexate. Â  A cell culture comprising methotrexate (MTX) sensitive recombinant host cells transformed with an expression vector comprising a first DNA sequence encoding a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein with a low binding affinity for MTX, and a second DNA sequence encoding human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), tPA encoded by said second DNA sequence, and an effective amplifying concentration of MTX. The invention herein relates to the production of human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in a transformant host cell culture. More specifically, the invention relates to vectors, cells, and methods of producing tPA in conjunction with expression of the sequences for coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein in such cells. Another example that describes use of CHO cells as host cells, and expression vectors which include the SV40 origin of replication as a promoter. However, it would be well within the skill of the art to use analogous techniques to construct expression vectors for expression of desired protein sequences in alternative eukaryotic host cell cultures. If cells without formidable cell wall barriers are used as host cells, transfection is carried out by the calcium phosphate precipitation method as described by Graham and Van der Eb, Virology, 52:546 (1978). However, other methods for introducing DNA into cells such as by nuclear injection or by protoplast fusion may also be used. Construction of suitable vectors containing the desired coding and control sequences employ standard ligation techniques. Isolated plasmids or

Influence of Advertising Essay Example for Free

Influence of Advertising Essay The Influence of Advertising The Influence of advertising on our lives for both children and adults has been enormous. In today’s society, it stands for communication, motivation, opportunities, information as well as art. However at the end, the purpose of all of these factor is business. Every advertisement has a clear purpose, no companies will put out an ad on tv or radio without a clear purpose because the cost for putting out an ad in today’s society is immense. In today’s society, beauty ads have large party of advertising, beauty ads not only have effects on the older generation, they also have effects on the young generation. For the young generations, beauty ads convey the message of the secrets or methods to stay young, and for the older generations, beauty ads convey the message of how to become and look young again. The beauty ads today are not only advertising their product but advertising the belief they’re trying to sell to the people, mostly females. The companies are trying to make their customer believe that if they use the product they’ll look ten years old younger even though it is not true. For those people who are old â€Å" To age is to learn the feeling of no longer growing, of struggling to do old tasks, to remember familiar actions. As curtin mentioned. However As the belief of beauty product can make people stay young, more and more older generations started to forget their ages because of their temporarily younger appearance . For those people who are young, the companies are trying to sell them the idea of the secret of retaining young. It is a false method to make the young generation to believe they can stay young forever because eventually one day they will wake up and realize all the money they spent on their beauty product was a waste, and there is nothing that can keep them young forever. The negative effect of beauty products that apply to all generations is the obsession of buying these products, and pay too much attention about their physical appearance. This negative effect will create a false sense of needs in people, when in fact they do not really need the items and the products that they are buying. and thanks to advertisements, this illusion is easily perpetrated, The products being offered through advertisements appear to be the tickets to happiness and ageless.

Incompetent Job Performance In Public Service Essay -- Work Employment

Incompetent Job Performance In Public Service Historically public employees have been viewed by the general public as being overpaid, inefficient, ineffective and unresponsive to the needs of the public. The news media’s constant reporting of scandals, financial misappropriations and unethical behavior in the public service further substantiate the growing lack of confidence the public has in the competence of public service organizations. In 1989 the National Commission on the Public Service, the Volcker Commission, reported that the need for competence and trustworthiness in public service was steadily growing not diminishing. (Nigro, 9) The goal of the Volcker Commission was to identify the necessary changes to personnel policies and practices that would counteract the increasing public lack of confidence in the ability of public service organizations to satisfy public demands. Many local governments that experienced the budget cuts, fiscal restraints and organizational turmoil of the 1990’s have determined that to enhance their competence, gain public trust and to avoid future financial difficulties, it is imperative that the staff of public service organizations become more professional, better trained and responsive to public needs. Managers in public service organizations have a vitally important role in the effort to create competence and gain public trust. Traditionally, the job of a manager has been defined as one who keeps things going in an organization. Generally the focus of a manager is on monitoring, directing and refining the current performance of the organization. (Whetten, 14) A manager gets things done through people. Leaders are those who establish the vision and set the direction of t... ...ers, Inc., 1996 5. Nigro, Lloyd G., Felix A. Nigro. The New Public Personnel Administration. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., 1994 6. Scott, Michael P. â€Å"7 PITFALLS for MANAGERS WHEN HANDLING POOR PERFORMERS and HOW TO OVERCOME THEM† February 2000 Online. Available: http://web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth 7. Segal, Jonathan A. â€Å"Performance Management For Jekyll and Hyde† February 1999 Published in HR Magazine, Legal Trends. Online. Available: http://www.wolfblock.com 8. Vaughan, Susan. â€Å"Rethinking Employee Evaluations† Los Angeles Times, 8 April 2001 Work Place, Part W, Page 1 9. Whetten, David A., Kim S. Cameron. Developing Management Skills, 4th ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Inc., 1998

Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Essay

Willy Loman is often recognised as the tragic hero of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman but arguments can be made against Biff being the contemporary hero and thus the true hero of the play. The purpose of a tragedy is to create pity and fear in the audience. A traditional tragedy consists of the central character, the tragic hero, creating chaos in the community he lives in. The hero becomes tempted by something, leading to the exposure of the character’s fatal flaw. The fatal flaw becomes the dominant characteristic of the hero and ultimately leads to the hero’s downfall and demise. After the hero’s death, at the end of the tragedy, order is restored, leaving the audience with a sense of catharsis. Miller creates an American tragedy, as opposed to a Greek or Shakespearean. America has never had a king or nobility who could represent a tragic hero in a traditional tragedy and Miller wanted to give a voice to the ordinary working class man, showing their lives can also be tragic. He once stated â€Å"I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for a tragedy as kings are† (New York Times. 27th Feb 1949). Despite critics arguing against it being a tragedy Linda declaring â€Å"attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person† (Page 44) recognises the tragic status of the play. She also highlights the importance of the ordinary working class, who too can be tragic heroes. The tragic hero is seen to be punished out of proportion for one fatal mistake they make. Willy’s mistake is his belief in the American Dream which he continues to chase relentlessly. His fatal flaw -his hamartia – is his insecurity, which leads him to suffer throughout the play. Willy is an unsuccessful salesman, living in the city, struggling to face reality and re-living memories which he had reinterpreted to fit his dreams (Page. 2003. Page 62). Willy has bought into the American Dream, chasing it relentlessly throughout his life, but his dreams are unrealistic. Dave Singleman, an eighty-four year old salesman, became his inspiration and role model, after he â€Å"realized selling was the greatest career a man could want† (Page 63). Willy saw Singleman as loved and adored by everybody and so his insecurity led him to follow the same career path, in the hope he would lead the life that Willy saw Singleman as living. â€Å"Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four†¦ and be remembered and loved and helped by so many people?† (Page 63). Willy’s perception of Singleman is a warped perception. Just like his perception of the American Dream, it is just an illusion. Willy fails to realise this and gain a grasp of reality, leading to his death and making him a tragic hero. Willy has lived the wrong dream; he should be out in the countryside with his family, working in a job making use of his hands. He put his own ceiling in his living room and is oblivious to the amount of skill it takes to do such a job. Charley: â€Å"Yeah. That’s a piece of work. To put up a ceiling is a mystery to me. How do you do it?† Willy: â€Å"What’s the difference?† (Page 34). Biff recognizes Willy â€Å"had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.† (Page 110). However, Willy always worked hard for his family, showing courage and determination. Willy wants success to be able to spend more time with his wife and family but is often dismissive of them, even berating Linda for buying the wrong cheese. â€Å"Why do you get American when I like Swiss?† (Page 12). Willy is incapable of relinquishing his dream and another character flaw, his pride, stands in the way of him accepting a job from Charley. â€Å"What the hell are you offering me a job for?† – Willy (Page 33). Willy’s relentless pursuit of his dream makes him a tragic hero. Willy was abandoned by his father and brother at a young age. Singleman then became his role model and father figure. Throughout the play Willy struggles with insecurity, a result of being abandoned. During times he relives the past and escapes into old memories he often talks to his older brother Ben. It is not an accurate representation of his real memories of Ben – it is unlikely he ever saw Ben again at all – but Willy uses Ben as a voice to criticise his own life. During Willy’s memories Ben spends a lot of time putting Willy down and trying to leave. â€Å"Haven’t the time, William.† – Ben (Page 66). Although Willy’s main character flaw is his insecurity he has others. Willy is often contradictory, calling Biff a â€Å"lazy bum†, then saying Biff is â€Å"not lazy† (Page 11). Willy fails to berate Biff for stealing a ball, even saying â€Å"Coa ch’ll probably congratulate you on your initiative!† (Page 23). He does not reprimand Biff for his stealing, often encouraging him. Willy is contradictory, telling Biff â€Å"just wanna be careful with those girls†, yet has a mistress himself (Page 21). The introduction of his affair â€Å"[From the darkness is heard a laughter of a woman]† (Page 29) turns Willy’s memories darker, as it was Biff finding out about the affair that caused their relationship to break down. Willy exaggerates his success, telling Linda he did â€Å"five hundred gross in Providence and seven hundred gross in Boston† and then changing to â€Å"roughly two hundred gross on the whole trip† (Page 27). He exaggerates to boost his self confidence and fight against his insecurity. Willy has bought into the materialistic concept of the American Dream. His motto is â€Å"be liked and you will never want† (Page 25). . Willy believes to be successful you must be well liked, believing â€Å"a man can end with diamonds here on the basis of being liked† (page 68). He believes he has to be successful for Biff to love him but ironically Biff has loved him all along. Willy is a good man, proving this by showing his happiness for Bernard success – â€Å"Willy: [genuinely shocked, pained and happy]† (Page 75). Despite Willy pursuing the wrong dreams he shows courage, determination and a love for his family, creating pity and sympathy in the audience. However his several flaws, the biggest of which is insecurity, lead to his demise, making him a tragic hero. A contemporary hero has qualities such as strength, honesty, morality, integrity, self-reliance and the courage to face up to reality. At the start of play Biff has not managed to relinquish his father’s dreams completely. He works out on a ranch, a job he loves, but comes back every spring because of his guilt, to try and succeed in sales, a career he hates. â€Å"It’s a measly manner of existence† (Page 16). He realises he would do better in the country and all he truly desires â€Å"is to be outdoors† (Page 16) but he hasn’t been able to abandon his father’s dreams completely. Biff is physically attractive and could have been a top football star but his confidence has diminished. â€Å"Biff Loman is lost† (Page 11.) It is evident from the beginning of the play that Biff is worried about Willy’s struggle with reality and his past. â€Å"Does he know Mom can hear that?† (Page 20). From a young age Willy encouraged the wrong ideals in Biff. Willy often condoned and ignored Biffs tendency to steal, rather than reprimanded. â€Å"Shut up! He’s not stealing anything!† (Page 40). Biff stole after feeling humiliated to regain a sense of power. By the end of the play Biff is honest about his stealing, even admitting he â€Å"stole a suit in Kansas City and was in jail† (Page 104). Stealing a pen from Ben Oliver’s office forces him to realise the things he loves in the world and the stupidity of his stealing. â€Å"What the hell am I grabbing this thing for?† (Page 105). Biff has a moment of self-realization at the end of the play, accepting reality and being honest about his life. He realises they have spent their lives chasing the wrong dreams and his father must abandon the American Dream. â€Å"Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens?† (Page 106). He tries to force the rest of his family into facing reality, managing to force Willy into face it for a brief moment. Willy refuses to let go, relinquishing the chance to become the true hero, and remaining the tragic hero of Death of a Salesman. Biff had always been conceited, a result of Willy’s constant praise – â€Å"Good work, Biff† (Page 22) – throughout his youth, when they had a great relationship, until Biff found out about Willy’s affair. However, by the end of the play Biff realises he’s â€Å"a dime a dozen† (Page 105), ridding himself of the self-superiority he has spent years carrying around. He understands Willy spent so much time praising him that he became egotistical. â€Å"I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air that I could never stand taking orders from anybody† (Page 104). Biff realises his arrogance, facing up to reality, admitting he is â€Å"not a leader of men† (Page 105). Biff has always felt some reluctance to follow the American Dream. By the end of the play he realises Willy and the Lowman family had always been chasing the wrong dreams and he faces and accepts reality. He accepts he was never anything more than a shipping clerk and realises his family have been living in a fantasy world. â€Å"We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years† (Page 82). Biff finds self-assurance, and is comfortable with who he is. â€Å"I know who I am, kid† (Page 111). He matures and faces up to the world of reality. Biff finds his identity, faces reality, is honest about his life and finds a personal, as well as physical strength. He shows a lot of the qualities found in a contemporary hero. Miller uses expressionism and realism in Death of a Salesman. Realism accurately portrays characters and situations through human characteristics and language, costumes, and sets. Expressionism is concerned with portraying the inner emotions and psychology of a character. Dialogue tends to become more poetic and lighting is used to create atmosphere in expressionism. Realism looks at the objective; expressionism looks at the subjective. Miller uses realism in the play through the life-like sets, the realistic American-English language and the typical costumes. Expressionism is used when Willy is re-living the past, reinterpreting memories to suit him; he often lives in this world. He is happier in his past memories, before the affair and before his and Biffs r elationship broke down. Willy often tries to escape to the past and into expressionism. Realism and the present are too painful for Willy as he has to live with his strained relationship with Biff, his failure as a salesman, and his guilt of an affair. Happy has been influenced by Willy to chase the American Dream but does not pursue it to Willy’s extent, ruling him out as the tragic hero. He is not as successful as he would like to be. â€Å"All I can get do is wait for the merchandise manager to die (Page 17). He sleeps with women to avenge men who have surpassed him on the career path; similar to Biff seeking revenge on those who have humiliated him by stealing. Happy lives in the Loman dream world, refusing to face reality. He is happy to allow Willy to live in a dream world, to carry on humoring him. â€Å"Sure, have lunch tomorrow!† (Page 88). Even after Willy’s death Happy is unable to relinquish Willy’s desire to fulfill the American Dream. â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Lowman did not die in vain† (Page 111). Happy appears to be jealous of Biff being Willy’s favorite â€Å"How do you like that damned fool! (Page 47). This could be a possible reason why he follows the dream – to seek his father’s approval. Linda regularly defends Willy and excuses his behavior, which only keeps Willy trapped in his destructive dream. Miller’s opening stage directions suggest Willy creates and structures Linda’s ideals for her â€Å"his massive dreams and little cruelties†¦longings which she shares, but lacks the temperament to utter and follow to the end† (Page . Linda is the mediator of the family, often discovering the reasons behind Willy’s cruelties whilst mediating. She adores Willy but kindness such as buying him special cheese is just thrown back in her face, something she accepts without argument. Linda knows Willy has impossible dreams, but unlike Biff she cannot bring herself to acknowledge the fact. Linda will not allow Willy’s dreams to be crushed because he is the â€Å"dearest man in the world† (Page 43) to her and she will not have anyone â€Å"making him feel unwanted and low and blue† (Page 43). What she does not realise is by leaving Willy to continue chasing his dreams, he will become a tragic hero (Page. 2003. Page 71-73). Willy is a tragic hero; he continues to chase his dreams relentlessly failing to recognise he should be in a job making use of his hands, living in the country. Willy only saw a warped perception of Singleman’s life, Willy’s inspiration, role model and father figure, after his father and brother abandoned him. Willy uses Ben’s voice to criticise himself in his reinterpreted memories. His abandonment led to his insecurity, leading to his death. His insecurity led to his affair, which led to the breakdown of the relationship between him and his son, Biff. Despite Willy’s flaws, he loves his family and shows he is a good man, inspiring pity and sympathy in the audience, provoking sadness with his death, making him a tragic hero in the traditional sense, but not the true hero. Biff could have been a top football star and is physically strong. He is courageous; he is the only member of the Loman family at the start of the play to have partly relinquished the American Dream and by the end he has completely relinquished it. He faces reality and attempts to make his family face it to, even managing to make Willy face it for a brief moment. He is finally honest about his life – his career and his stealing. He shows morality and integrity. One of the hardest things to do in life is to face up to reality and Biff alone manages to do this making him the true hero of Death of a Salesman. Is Biff the true hero of death of a salesman The question posed here, â€Å"Is Biff the true hero of death of a salesman† asks the writer to asses’ weather or not Biff is the ‘true’ hero of Death of a salesman as oppose to Willy Lowman’s role given to him by the author A.Miller as being the tragic hero. Miller broke from the norm of traditional characterization when creating the character Willy Lowman, in that the archetypal Tragic hero had to be a descendant of nobility or aristocratic decent, who’s demise affects not just those close to him but a group of people e.g a population, state of notoriety or kingdom. America had never had the Kings and Queens that a traditional tragedy had historically needed, Miller’s intention was to show how the common working class man could be shown to be a tragic hero and an American tragic hero as oppose to a Greek or Shakespearian one. Linda becomes Millers voice in the play â€Å"attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person† (Page 44) showing that in Millers eyes a regular person can and should be seen as a tragic hero. Biff in Death of as salesman must be seen to be the main protagonist due to his ability to see the proverbial holes in the proverbial fabric of not only his, Willys and all the Lowman’s lives but also the holes that people fall through in pursuit of a dream. The dream in this case being Millers idea of the American dream. The idea of the American dream stems from the notion that America is or was the ‘land of opportunity’ a bountiful land of infinite horizons and opportunities waiting to be explored and taken. Miller paints Biff as a character who initially buys into his farther idealistic view that a â€Å"well liked† person will have doors opened for them, in this sense Willy felt that the reputation of a person directly reflected its self in sales figures which translates directly in to wealth which he would use to translate into time spend more time with his family showing that Willy was a good man who’s goal was for the well being of his loved o nes, its just that his dream was wrong, â€Å"all wrong†. This idea of the acquisition of wealth and being well liked (not to suggest that to be well liked should be avoided, but to actively seek it out above all else can bare negative connotations) detracts Willy from the main goal in anyone’s life to be happy and develop a sense of fullness through honest self discovery. Given that at the time of Millers play the idea of the American dream was tarnished only by a few American writers of that the time and was still a prevalent driving force in American society a relatively young society, Miller Gives the reader the sense that this dream or the pursuit of it is not the only dream or even the right dream for all people. In the United States Declaration of Independence listed among the ‘unalienable rights’ is written â€Å"We hold these truths to be self–evident, That all men are created equal, That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, That among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†, This extract from the defining piece of American literary history supports Millers character Biff Lowman’s idea of discovering ones self in America as oppose to simply discovering wealth. Willy’s dream was not him, it was not who he was or what he wanted to do. Willies own American dream was lived through the idea of acquisition of wealth and gaining notoriety as oppose to finding his own dream and perusing it. Biff buying into his fathers dream goes to see Oliver with the intention of getting twenty thousand dollars in-order to set up in business with his brother happy however Biff sitting in Oliver’s office realizes that he never has been a sales man nor was it his intention to be one, â€Å"How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there?† (Page 82) it was his fathers dream. Bill Oliver doesn’t recognize Biff and in the frustration of the realization he had lied to himself Biff takes Oliver’s pen. The taking of this pen is symbolic in the sense that Biff has always been overly praised by his farther giving him an over inflated ego, he was never told not to steal and Willy often praised him for it â€Å"Shut up! He’s not stealing anything!† (Page 40) in addition the taking of the pen by Biff at the office of Mr Oliver can also be seen as Biff taking something for himself, something physical, from a life in which he feels he plays no real part, the act of taking the fountain pen, something physical, sees this object become the reparations he seeks from following his farther faulty ideals and beliefs. Towards the end of the play this acceptance of stealing becomes more prevalent when he admits he stole a suit and spent time in prision for the theft. Biff is the only one who voices his opinion that they had been following the wrong dream realizing he was not a leader of men and that he was good, like willy, with his hands and he should be out west being practical bui lding something or working as a farm hand. Willies adoration of Dave Singleman a man he met whilst a traveling salesman is one of a warped view. Singleman becomes a farther figure, role model and source of inspiration for Willy, â€Å"Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four†¦ and be remembered and loved and helped by so many people?† (Page 63). The name Dave Singleman however can be seen to imply Singleman is a ‘single’ man a man who lives out of a suitcase moving from hotel to hotel in solitude and isolation. The characteristics of this interpretation of Singleman Willies role model seem reflect on Willie in his life, adopting the idea of a salesman who is well liked will be a success however once again this is the wrong dream for Willie to be following. At the time Biff catches Willie his farther with another woman he is going to Willie for help, to see if he can speak to his math’s teacher to get him to bump up his mark so that he could graduate and take up his college football scholarship, he goes expecting his farther the â€Å"well liked† salesman with all the charm and charisma in the world to be able to get him out of having to re-sit his exam however he comes to realize Willie is not who he makes himself out to be when he uncovers this deception, â€Å"Biff Don’t touch me you – liar! Willy â€Å"Apologize for that!† Biff â€Å"You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!† from this moment on Biff starts to se Willie for who and what he truly is and most importantly seeing his fathers flaws, this is important because it allows biff later in life to see through the ‘vie en rose’ and deluded image that Willie tries to purvey thus allowing him to start to discover ad pursue hi s own dream. Willie believes he has to be successful for Biff to love him but Biff rather ironically has loved him all along which Willie realizes at the end of the play when Biff breaks down and cries in front of him to which he says â€Å"isn’t that – isn’t that remarkable? Biff – he like me!† (Page 106). This realization however does not detract Willie from his mission to take his own life, shortly after he has another delusion of Ben (the delusion of him being his older and more successful brother although he had not seen his brother since he had left him in thier youth) this shows that Willie has gone too far in his mental degradation when his conversation with Ben even after his realization with Biff spurs him on even more to take his own life. Ben says to Willie that â€Å"the jungle is dark but full of diamonds† (page 106) suggesting that willies death is the dark jungle and that from his death he will receive diamonds, the diamonds in this case being insurance money the family more notably Biff was to receive from his death, money that he would have left to biff to start up a business, once again this shows that Willy still can’t see what Biff was trying to say to him and that he was never going to give up on the pursuit of his dream. Biff up on returning home after he and happy had left Willy in the chop house realises he must be honest with his farther about who he is in order to realise his dreams â€Å"Biff- Pop! I’m a dime a dozen, and so are you!, Willy – I am not a dime a dozen! I am Willy Lowman and you are Biff Lowman!, Biff – I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you.† For Biff it is in renouncing Willy and willies dreams that he becomes free to dictate his own future and it is here that for the first time in his life completely rids himself of the oppressive shackles of willies dreams. This can be interpreted also as the death of Biff as the sales man, the death of his affiliation and obligation to willies ideologies allowing him to be free to start his new life out west, bringing new life withe the death of an old one, the death of a salesman. In conclusion since Biff is the only member of the family to renounce Willys idea of the American dream with the addition of realizing his own dream and what he must do to peruse it, Biff therefor must be seen to be the true hero. It must be added also that the American dream can still apply to Biff’s pursuit only Biff’s pursuit as stated in the American constitution is a pursuit of happiness the happiness Willie never managed to gain for himself or his family by following his own American dream.